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LoRa is a low-power wide area network communication technology. The emergence of LoRa technology solves the requirements of long-distance and low power consumption in the Internet of Things technology, so it is widely used in various industries. LoRa gateway, also known as LoRa wireless concentrator, is a gateway device that uses LoRa wireless modulation technology to realize long-distance data transmission. The LoRa gateway is located at the core of the LoRa star network, it is an information bridge between the terminal and the server (Server),Low-power wireless communication and it is a multi-channel transceiver. The LoRa DTU communication equipment that can be combined with the LoRa node module by the LoRa gateway does not change any protocol and data of the user, and adopts a fully transparent transmission mechanism to realize wireless data transmission and reception. E890-868LG27 is a LoRaWAN communication gateway launched by Chengdu Ebyte Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. It is a standard Internet of Things relay device. As an information converter of the LoRaWAN communication system, it is responsible for connecting the communication between the network server and the terminal node. The conversion and forwarding of the message communication protocol between the terminal device and the server.

Ebyte LoRa gateway has the following characteristics:
1. The LoRa gateway is a standard Internet of Things relay device and information converter, which is responsible for connecting the commonality between the network server and the terminal node, and realizing the conversion and forwarding of the message communication protocol between the terminal device and the server;
2. The LoRa gateway supports multi-channel concurrency and can access a large number of LoRa nodes;
3. The LoRa gateway supports the LoRaWAN communication specification and is widely used in scenarios such as smart cities, smart industries, and smart agriculture;
4. The LoRa gateway has frequency hopping anti-jamming technology, which can automatically avoid the disturbed frequency hopping frequency point during the frequency hopping communication process to achieve the purpose of high-quality communication;
5. LoRa gateway supports 4G/3G/2G and other networks,bluetooth Wireless Module can adapt to various network environments, and can ensure network connection under different circumstances;
6. LoRa gateways are widely used in smart agriculture solutions to quickly realize long-distance data sending and receiving, and online monitoring of irrigation, pests and diseases, and fertilization, thereby reducing the number of on-duty personnel, comprehensively improving farm production management, improving economic benefits, and reducing operating costs.  

What is the difference between BLE and traditional Bluetooth, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless communication technology, which has the advantages of low power consumption, short distance, safety and reliability, and has been widely used in communication between various smart devices. This article will introduce the basic flow of Bluetooth low energy connection to help readers better understand and apply this technology.

The basic process of Bluetooth low energy connection includes three steps: scanning, connection and communication. Below we will introduce the specific content of each step one by one.

Scanning: Scanning between devices is required before a Bluetooth Low Energy connection is established. There are two scanning methods: active scanning and passive scanning. Active scanning refers to initiating a scan from a central device (such as a mobile phone) to search for surrounding peripheral devices (such as a Xiaomi smart bracelet)
). Passive scanning is when the peripheral device is discovered by the central device when it broadcasts its own information. The unique identifier of the device can be obtained by scanning

Connection: A connection refers to the establishment of a communication link between a central device and a peripheral device. The connection consists of the following steps: First, the central device sends a connection request to the peripheral device. The peripheral then replies with a connect response and begins establishing the communication link. Next, the central device and the peripheral device conduct service discovery to determine the services and feature values supported by each other. Finally, the central device and peripheral devices perform operations such as reading and writing characteristic values and subscribing.

Communication: After the connection is established, data transfer between the central device and the peripheral device is possible. Bluetooth low energy communication adopts a "master-slave" architecture, that is, the central device is responsible for controlling the communication process, while the peripheral device passively accepts and responds. During the communication process, the central device will send instructions to the peripheral devices, including operations such as reading, writing, and subscribing. Peripheral equipment performs corresponding processing according to the instruction, and returns the result to the central equipment. The following figure shows the connection process:

The Bluetooth broadcast packet is 37 bytes (maximum length), device address

It occupies 6 bytes, and the remaining 31 bytes can be customized. The 31 available bytes are organized according to a certain format and divided into n AD Structures. As shown below:

To sum up, the Bluetooth low energy connection process includes three steps: scanning, connection and communication. Through these steps, a stable and efficient communication link can be established between the central equipment and the peripheral equipment to realize data transmission and control operations. In daily life, Bluetooth Low Energy has become an important means of interconnecting smart devices, bringing people a more convenient and smart life experience. Such as lighting, temperature, security, etc. Users can use smartphones or voice assistants to control and manage these devices, thereby improving the comfort and safety of home life.  

LBT technology, that is, Listen Before Talk, is a protocol in radio communication technology, which is used to avoid interference when multiple devices send data on the same channel at the same time. LBT determines whether the channel is idle by listening to the status of the channel before sending data to avoid data collisions. The principle, function and application scenarios of LBT will be introduced in detail below.

LBT wireless communication technology principle

LBT technology detects the status of the channel before sending data to determine whether the channel is occupied. If it is detected that the channel is occupied, it waits for a certain period of time and then listens again. If the channel is detected to be idle, start sending data. LBT technology is usually implemented through the CSMA/CA protocol, that is, the carrier sense multiple access protocol with collision avoidance.

The role of LBT wireless technology

LBT technology can avoid interference when multiple devices send data at the same time, thereby improving the reliability and stability of wireless communication. When multiple devices send data on the same channel, if there is no LBT technology, data collision may occur, resulting in data transmission failure or data quality degradation. The use of LBT technology can avoid this situation, thus ensuring the reliable transmission of data.


IoT Application Scenarios of LBT Wireless Technology

LBT technology is widely used in various wireless communication fields, such as lora module, Wi-Fi module, Bluetooth module, ZigBee module, LTE communication, etc. In the wireless communication of Wi-Fi modules, the 802.11 standard protocol includes LBT technology to avoid communication interference between different Wi-Fi modules. In the wireless communication application of the Bluetooth module, the LBT technology is also used in the Bluetooth 4.0 transmission protocol and above Bluetooth standards. In the field of LTE wireless communication, LBT technology is used to control the interference between cells and improve the coverage and capacity of the network.

Application of LBT function

The LBT function refers to that in a wireless communication system, before sending data, channel sensing (also known as carrier sensing) is performed to ensure that no other device is transmitting data on the channel, thereby avoiding collisions and data loss.

The LBT feature is often used in contention-type networks, where multiple devices attempt to communicate using the same channel at the same time. In the absence of LBT, devices may send packets at the same time, causing collisions and data loss, reducing network efficiency and performance. Through the LBT function, a device can listen to the channel before sending data to ensure that no other device is transmitting data on the channel, thereby avoiding collisions and data loss, and improving network efficiency and performance.

The LBT function is usually applied in various wireless communication module systems, such as lora modules, Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth modules, ZigBee modules, etc., to ensure stable and efficient communication between devices. In short, LBT technology is a very important wireless communication technology, which plays an important role in ensuring the quality and stability of wireless communication. With the continuous development and progress of wireless communication technology, LBT technology will also be more widely used and promoted.  

Introduction to TCP and UDP

TCP and UDP are two independent protocols of IP (Internet Protocol), and they both work at the network layer in the OSI model. Among them, the biggest difference between TCP and UDP is connection-oriented and connectionless-oriented.

TCP
When the reliability of the data to be transmitted is very important, we generally use TCP for transmission, because the data transmitted by the TCP protocol is transmitted sequentially. If the data receiver does not receive the data transmitted by the sender, TCP will resend the packet after a certain time. This is what we often call the packet loss retransmission mechanism, as well as congestion control, flow control, etc. The reliability of TCP is precisely because of these characteristics.

UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless service. UDP data will not be guaranteed to be transmitted in order like TCP. The receiver will not retransmit the data regardless of whether it is received or not. Therefore, UDP has a lower cost than TCP. Delay. In applications where time priority is higher than data reliability, UDP is more commonly used, such as video calls and online games that are usually used. Because for these applications, time is more important than data consistency.
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What is a network port? What does the port do?

There are many communication programs on our computer. When our computer receives a data packet, how is the data packet accurately distributed to different applications? We can understand that the IP address in the network is equivalent to the community name in our real life, and the port number is like a specific house number.
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The function of the port is to allow various application processes in the application layer to deliver their data down to the transport layer through the port, and to let the transport layer know that the data in its segment should be delivered up through the port to the process of the application layer. In order to distinguish the ports, each port is numbered, which is the port number. When we send data from one device to another, it goes to a specific TCP or UDP port, depending on the protocol we use to communicate.
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Can TCP and UDP Sockets be bound to the same port?

Both TCP and UDP server networks will call bind to bind ports.


TCP network programming



TCP and UDP ports are not related to each other. TCP ports are interpreted by the TCP stack, and UDP ports are interpreted by the UDP stack. Ports are a way of multiplexing connections so that multiple devices can be connected to a node. So technically higher level protocols can use the same or different TCP and UDP port numbers. On the other hand, a computer can communicate with two different services using the same TCP and UDP port numbers at the same time.


The port numbers of TCP/UDP are independent of each other. TCP has a port 80, and UDP can also have a port 80, and the two do not conflict.

Therefore, TCP and UDP can be bound to the same port at the same time.

The TCP and UDP transport protocols are implemented in the kernel by two completely independent software modules.

When the host receives the data packet, it can know whether the data packet is TCP or UDP in the "protocol number" field of the IP header, so it can determine which module (TCP/UDP) to send to the TCP/UDP module according to this information. According to the "port number", the message is sent to which application program to process.

Therefore, the respective port numbers of TCP/UDP are independent of each other and do not affect each other.  

Whole house intelligent lighting control is the most typical and practical design concept of home intelligence in recent years. Intelligent lighting control can meet the needs, finely set the brightness and color, and intelligently adjust the lighting when the environment changes. Therefore, compared with the traditional home light control, it has the characteristics of energy saving, convenience and comfort. Because of these advantages, more and more manufacturers have begun to invest in the development of intelligent lighting control systems. The use of Bluetooth mesh network technology can automatically and quickly perform Bluetooth pairing and establish network connections, and accelerate the deployment of smart home ecosystems.

Bluetooth Mesh Network Introduction
mesh topology, multi-hop network

Bluetooth Mesh Networking is a network topology of Bluetooth Low Energy BLE used to establish many-to-many device communication. It allows the creation of large networks supporting thousands of Bluetooth mesh devices communicating with each other.

Introduction to Module Networking

The E104-BT10 Bluetooth mesh ad hoc network module independently developed by Ebyte supports the sig mesh V1.0 standard and the sig standard HSL model. The mobile APP can proxy any node into the network, realize remote control of the mesh network, and realize the application scenario of light control with one key.


Implementation steps of smart light control


A), initialize node 1, power on node 1 serial port to send 02 c0 15, receive 03 43 15 and the initialization is successful.

B) Node 1 accesses the network, sends 02 c0 09 through the control module E104-BT10-G and waits for a few seconds, and receives 0B 40 09 CA F7 EF FB F9 EC 00 02 03, indicating that the network access is successful.

C), Node 2 accesses the network, sends 02 c0 09 through the control module E104-BT10-G and waits for a few seconds, and receives 0B 40 09 CA F7 EF FB F9 EC 00 05 03 to successfully access the network, and the same is true for other nodes to access the network. Similar to the return code, the third and second bytes from the bottom represent the network access address.

Node switch light control, E104-BT10-G or mobile phone as proxy node control. For example, E104-BT10-G sends command 09 c1 00 02 82 02 01 00 00 00, returns 08 41 00 02 00 01 82 04 01 to control node 1 to turn on the light, 09 c1 00 02 82 02 00 00 00 00, returns 08 41 00 05 00 01 82 04 00 can control node 1 to turn off the lights.  

Antenna communication is a very important part of wireless communication technology, and its development potential is very large. Here are a few areas:

Development of 5G network: With the development of 5G network, more antennas will be installed, because 5G network requires more antennas to support high-speed, low-latency communication. This will further drive the demand and development of antennas. serial port ethernet converter Development of the Internet of Things: Many devices in the Internet of Things require antennas to communicate. With the development of the Internet of Things, more and more devices will need antennas, which will further promote the demand and development of antennas. Development of new antenna technologies: With the development of new materials and manufacturing technologies, new antenna technologies are emerging, such as multi-antenna systems, millimeter wave antennas, electron beam antennas, etc. These technologies are expected to bring better performance and wider application. The development of satellite communication: Satellite communication has a very large demand for antennas. With the development of satellite communication, more antennas will be used in the field of satellite communication.

In short, antenna communication has broad application prospects, and its future development potential is very large, and it is a very important part of the wireless communication field.  

Oil exploration wells are scattered and numerous in number, and abnormal phenomena need to be dealt with in time. Manual inspection takes a long time and has poor timeliness; wired transmission has many shortcomings such as cumbersome wiring, high cost, and no mobile network coverage on site.

Now there is a need for a wireless transmission technology that supports a large number of access, wide coverage, efficient data transmission, MIMO Technology and has a data center that can aggregate data for data collection, and then connect the network at the center to synchronize the data to the platform server for related data push and display .
working principle
A dormant terminal device is installed at each wellhead and connected to the three-axis sensor at the wellhead as an alarm node to monitor the status of each wellhead. And arrange the router (coordinator) terminal equipment and gateway equipment in the appropriate place to complete the construction of the entire data network.

(1) When the three-axis sensor with the wellhead detects that the wellhead state is abnormal, the three-axis sensor will send the abnormal data to the corresponding dormant terminal equipment;


(2) The dormant terminal will wake itself up at the first time and report the received abnormal data together with the node ID and latitude and longitude coordinates of the wellhead;


(3) The data is received and forwarded to the gateway device via router devices at all levels;


(4) After receiving the data, the gateway device transmits the data to the platform server through the 4G network, and the platform server performs alarm push and data presentation.

System composition
The entire data network is composed of dormant terminal equipment, router (coordinator) terminal equipment, and gateway equipment.  

The challenges posed by the current Internet of Things system have given birth to a new network structure system. Over the past many years, a large number of standardized frameworks have been designed to solve many challenges and problems faced by the Internet of Things at a large scale.
At present, these frameworks all have the same basic requirement, which is to support the functional requirements of data, processes and terminal devices for execution. Serial Communication
The most famous of these are the frameworks defined by oneM2M and the Internet of Things World Forum (IOTWF). Below I will give an in-depth introduction to the two frameworks.
oneM2M IoT standard framework. In the process of standardizing machine-to-machine communication, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) created an association of technical application committees on M2M in 2008. The association was created to create a standard framework to accelerate people's M2M applications and M2M devices. Later, due to the worldwide recognition of the framework, the scope was extended to the field of Internet of Things.
After the M2M Technical Committee established the framework, other organizations also began to lay out the framework of the Internet of Things. In this context, Wi-Fi HaLow it is indispensable to specify a common M2M standard. After realizing the needs of the market, in 2012, ETSI and its member institutions launched a global initiative to unify the M2M framework. This initiative unifies the global M2M standard, accelerates the development of the Internet of Things Communication efficiency in communication systems and the Internet of Things. The purpose of the initiative is to create a common service layer, which can be directly nested into the device facilities, enabling service communication between devices. These include power grid interconnection, automotive hardware interoperability, industrial equipment health monitoring, intelligent measurement and other equipment interoperability services.
The OneM2M architecture roughly divides the functions of the Internet of Things into three architectures: application layer, service layer and network layer. Although the architecture looks very simple in the literal sense, its performance is very diverse. It not only allows each device to interoperate with each other through calling the IT networking interface, but also supports a large number of new and old IoT devices. technology.  

① Increase access point capacity

Wi-Fi 6 uses a technique called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access. This technology can divide a wireless channel into multiple sub-channels, and each sub-channel has the ability to carry data for different devices. ethernet to rs485 adapter It makes Wi-Fi 6 better suited to handle the access needs of modern IoT and workplaces.
② Faster speed

The theoretical speed of Wi-Fi 6 is 9.6Gbps. It achieves this speed boost by combining 2.4GHx and 5GHz frequency bands and employing MU-MIMO technology in uplink and downlink data transmission.

More efficient data encoding leads to higher throughput. With Wi-Fi 6, a single device can achieve up to 40 percent faster data transfer speeds compared to Wi-Fi 5. Even 2.4GHz networks will experience higher speeds when using a Wi-Fi 6 router.
③ Larger channel width

5GHz channels allow you to aggregate 20MHz channels into 40MHz and 80MHz channels, giving you higher speeds. With Wi-Fi 6, it even goes up to 160MHz channels.
④ Wi-Fi sleep

The Wi-Fi 6 protocol effectively puts some devices' Wi-Fi to "sleep" when not in use. This frees up bandwidth by "sleeping" unused connections. Additionally, battery life is extended through a feature called Target Wake Time (TWT). TWT enables a Wi-Fi access point to communicate with your device to tell it when exactly to wake up its Wi-Fi radio and go to sleep. This helps save power.  

1. The BLE Bluetooth module has lower power consumption and longer power supply time

Because low-power Bluetooth technology has developed to the point where the daily average power consumption can be below 10mA, bluetooth wifi module manufacture such low-power Bluetooth applications in smart products can last for a year or two or even longer with a small battery power supply. The power consumption of other wireless technologies and classic Bluetooth, this is the communication technology that smart products are willing and desirable.

2. The connection speed of the low-power Bluetooth module is fast

Bluetooth low energy technology adopts a very fast connection method, and the connection time interval is variable. This interval can be set from a few milliseconds to a few seconds depending on the specific application. It can be connected to a smartphone almost instantly, greatly reducing the waiting time.

3. The Bluetooth low energy module uses the license-free frequency band

Because Bluetooth Low Energy technology is a free electromagnetic frequency band, the 2.4GHz frequency band that Bluetooth Low Energy operates is modbus tcp gateway a completely free electromagnetic frequency band. Others such as WiFi, induction cooker, etc. are all using the 2.4GHz frequency band. Because this frequency band does not need to pay special authorization fees to the radio management department.